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For those who don't know, the Republic of Nauru is a rock island situated in the South Pacific that was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. It is the world's smallest Republic.History tells that in 1777, 10 years before the American Constitution of 1787, the US state of Georgia had made it compulsory for every citizen to vote or pay a penalty of five pounds (not dollars). A reasonable excuse, however, was admissible.Before we examine the dozen countries that have compulsory voting and the ones who actually enforce it, it is imperative to recall that on a petition filed by the Workers Party last year, the Supreme Court of Pakistan had observed on April 11, 2012 that in a number of countries, casting of votes was compulsory by law.The Apex Court had further viewed that the salaries were not paid to the people who abstained from voting in those countries, and in many cases, the privilege of social security protection was also not extended to those who failed to cast their ballots. People who do not vote face a moderate fine or, if they fail to vote in at least four elections, they can lose the right to vote for 10 years. In Peru and Greece, government privileges (like obtaining new passport or driver's licence) are denied to those failing to vote.In Bolivia, if a voter fails to take part in polls, he or she is denied withdrawal of the salary from the bank for three months.On Australia, the noted British newspaper "The Guardian" states: "The Australians brought in a system of compulsory attendance at elections in 1924. Voters are obliged to attend the polling station but can leave without voting after ticking their names off. Non attendees face fines of AU$20 $AU50 (about 9 21) and possible imprisonment if they refuse to pay their fines (as punishment for failing to pay rather than for not voting). In a nation built on immigration, Australian supporters of the system say compulsory voting is a symbol of the integration of new arrivals into the Australian way of doing things."However, the Australian and Brazilian laws do permit non voters to provide a legitimate reason for not voting. In Brazil, voting is compulsory for citizens between 18 and 70 years old and is non compulsory for unregistered citizens aged 16 or 17.It is worth mentioning that in Brazil, a person who fails to vote is barred from obtaining a passport until after he or she has voted in the two most recent elections. Military and Security personnel in Brazil do not vote by law, as is the case in the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Kuwait and Lebanon.In Kuwait, all voters must have been citizens of the country for 20 years. In Tunisia, all should vote except for the police and military, people with mental disorders, the ones who have served more than three months in prison on criminal charges and those who have been given a suspended sentence of more than six months.In Saudi Arabia, women cannot vote, though King Abdullah has declared that women will be able to vote and run in the 2015 local elections. The case of Saudi Arabia in the context of female suffrage is a sharp contrast to New Zealand, which had extended the right to vote to all adult women in 1893.In Argentina, those who were ill on voting day are excused by requesting a doctor to prove their condition; those over 500 km away from their voting place are also exempted by asking for a certificate at a police station near where they are.In Turkey, according to a law passed by the parliament in 1986, if eligible electors do not cast a vote in elections, they pay a fee of about five Turkish Liras, which is equivalent to about US $3.Many international political scientists believe that the triumphant political leaders in nations with compulsory voting systems may claim a higher degree of political legitimacy than those of non compulsory systems with lower voter turnout where only the politically motivated individuals would vote and hence may not represent sections of society that are less politically active.They contend that compulsory voting prevents vested interests from persuading and luring a fewer number of people in non compulsory voting systems.Pro compulsory voting elements are of the view that since smaller campaign funds are needed to get a large number of voters to the polling stations, the role of money in politics decreases as it also discourages vote buying in many ways.It may be added here that Austria had introduced this concept of compulsory voting in 1924, Holland did it in 1917 and abolished it in 1967, Spain did it in 1907 for 16 years and Chile replaced it with voluntary voting in 2009.Meanwhile, Venezuela too has also abandoned the phenomenon of compulsory voting. An extensive research has also been conducted by "The News International," with help sought from various editions of the prestigious European Journal of Political Research and Mark Franklin's books "Electoral Participation" and "European Elections and the European Voter," to study the voting behaviours in 23 world countries with high turnouts on polling day.The average 1960 1995 voters' turnout figures in the National assembly elections of these 23 countries having 80 per cent turnout and plus show that Malta had a 94 per cent turnout during the period under review, Chile had 93 per cent, Austria 92 per cent, Belgium 91 per cent, Italy 90 per cent, Luxembourg 90 per cent, Iceland 89 per cent, New Zealand 88 per cent, Denmark 87 per cent, Germany 86 per cent, Sweden 86 per cent, Greece 86 per cent, Venezuela 85 per cent, Czech Republic 85 per cent, Argentine 83 per cent, Brazil 83 per cent, Holland 83 per cent, Australia 81 per cent, Costa Rica 81 per cent, Norway 81 per cent, Romania 81 per cent, Bulgaria 80 per cent and Israel had 80 per cent.?Off Will Reward Investors In The Intermediate And Long Term
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